Spiral Gravity separation is a mineral processing technique that exploits differences in particle density to separate valuable minerals from gangue material. The technique relies on the combined effects of gravity, fluid resistance, and particle motion to achieve separation. When particles are subjected to a flowing fluid or a pulsating medium, denser particles tend to settle or move differently from lighter ones.

Shaking table separation is a gravity concentration technique used to separate minerals based on differences in specific gravity, particle size, and shape. It is widely applied in laboratory and small- to medium-scale mineral processing for the beneficiation of ores containing free-liberated, high-density minerals such as gold, cassiterite, scheelite, chromite, and heavy mineral sands.

Flotation is a widely used mineral processing technique that separates minerals based on differences in density, surface chemistry and hydrophobicity. The method enables selective concentration of valuable minerals from finely ground ores and is particularly effective for the beneficiation of sulphide minerals, as well as certain oxide, phosphate, and industrial mineral systems.

In the flotation process, the ore is ground to an appropriate particle size to achieve mineral liberation and mixed with water to form a slurry. Specific chemical reagents are added to modify the surface properties of minerals. Collectors render target minerals hydrophobic, frothers generate stable air bubbles, and modifiers such as depressants and activators enhance selectivity. When air is introduced into the slurry, hydrophobic mineral particles attach to rising bubbles and form a froth layer that is removed as a concentrate, while hydrophilic gangue minerals remain in the pulp.

It is the separation of two or more minerals of different specific gravities by their relative motion in response to gravity and buoyancy forces. Examples of such liquids include sodium metatungstate or sodium polytungstate (SPT) and lithium metatungstate (LMT). The tungsten anion of SPT and LMT is [H₂W₂O₄]₆. They belong to a class of structures known as the "Keggin" type. Organic heavy liquids constitute the "older" generation of heavy liquids. The two most commonly used heavy organic liquids for mineral separation processes today are bromoform (CHBr3) and TBE (1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane; C2H2Br4). Bromoform has a density of 2.87 g/mL and TBE has a density of 2.95 g/mL.